What are some examples of what will shift LRAS LEFT?
→ Outward migration
→ Ageing population
→ Decreased factor mobility
→ Destruction of infrastructure
→ Increased regulations
The broader the definition of the product, the more __________ it will be.
(Bonus): Draw the MSC/MSB diagram for: Positive Externalities in Production
What % of GDP is UK national debt (2023)?
Draw a Supply curve with Inelastic PES
Explain the concept of natural monopoly and draw the diagram.
A natural monopoly has high fixed costs.
This leads to constantly falling AC and MC which is below AC across all output levels.
Qmes (minimum efficient scale) which is higher than all output levels.
Shutdown considerations:
Should a firm with the following costs and revenue shut down in LR or SR?
Stay open in LR and SR
Firm is making normal profit. (Normal profit = profit level necessary to keep firm in industry in LR)
(Firm is indifferent to staying in market)
Why does Unemployment lead to mental health costs to individuals?
-Higher stress levels due to lack of income
-Mental health issues due to issues with not having a 'purpose' as a result of unemployment.
-Stigma associated with unemployment.
Laffer Curve: Explain why, when tax rates are low (below T*), tax revenue will rise when tax rates are increased.
-When tax rates are low, people are still motivated to work even though tax rates increase.
-So by increasing tax rates, as people keep working, tax revenue goes up.